翔鈦國際有限公司_2021-05-11_024149

[{"selector":"#anim-185d5a53-f5fb-433a-9b7e-5e90703ba59c","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,0.75,0.75,0.75,1,1,1,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.75,0.75,0.75,1,1,1,0.75,0.75,0.75,0,0,0,1,1,1,1]},"delay":2994,"direction":"normal","duration":4000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-f1ad7791-f71f-44ba-9eee-8005d44f6669","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":2500,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-7e317b28-272f-4c80-b210-a9edea0f3a46","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-b3d90278-c5af-4e22-ba6f-df8e5521a388","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(100.00000%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] RACE TOP INTERNATIONAL CORP. https://racetop.en.taiwantrade.com/

[{"selector":"#anim-8ee9f6d7-109a-477f-b702-55fcc480b0bd","keyframes":[{"transform":"rotate(-1deg) rotateZ(30deg) rotate(1deg)"},{"transform":"rotate(-1deg) rotateZ(0deg) rotate(1deg)"}],"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":3500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-2f11808a-2958-4a4a-8281-d220d47131e2","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(100.00000%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] Race Top International Corp. is established in 2006 in Taiwan as the professional maker for Serial (RS-233/422/485) interface tester/converter/extender/repeater, with strong R&D and production site in Taiwan, we can offer ODM/OEM service as well. ABOUT COMPANY

[{"selector":"#anim-8a9d84de-164a-4496-8019-faa223353213","keyframes":[{"transform":"rotateZ(30deg)"},{"transform":"rotateZ(0deg)"}],"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":3500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-873da241-0f98-4242-9243-b72a32fea1ae","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(-100%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-46250672-2300-4794-bafe-31fedade2cbc","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(-100%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-d6b5a7c8-eeb0-4425-bc9c-a1183fd670e4","keyframes":[{"transform":"rotateZ(-360deg)"},{"transform":"rotateZ(0deg)"}],"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-336f7440-3274-457d-b17c-d32bee8b6ba4","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-c7f1d8e9-6258-45c1-85e2-b9693e26c712","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] Serial communication (RS-232/422/485) is a way for DTE & DCE to communicate with each other and is widely used in a great varieties of commercial & industrial sectors for several decades, Race Top is the expert for offering the related accessory. WHY US

[{"selector":"#anim-2b31fc14-b185-49f7-a613-c2acfe1c3535","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-db0b5cb1-2af3-4523-9f78-2cb78c717a19","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":500,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-fa8ff11e-c299-40f6-89d6-2b9413de97a0","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0.25,0.25,0.25,0,0,0,0.25,0.25,0.25,0,0,0,0.25,0.25,0.25,1,1,1,1]},"delay":2000,"direction":"normal","duration":5000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-8c1c06bd-e253-4cf6-bc2a-3561d435d1bf","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":500,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-5546cb64-0b5f-4bdb-a01a-014ff869c5e9","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":500,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-4e56e3ce-a17c-48f3-a27d-a89ddc43d37a","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":500,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-860c2cbc-158e-4b62-b4f4-4d41847fd15b","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,0.75,0.75,0.75,1,1,1,0,0,0,0.25,0.25,0.25,0,0,0,0.75,0.75,0.75,1,1,1,0.75,0.75,0.75,1]},"delay":2000,"direction":"normal","duration":5000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-6b0debc7-96e3-4feb-9b99-10a9f553c2a5","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-92d0ef2f-66fc-401d-a6ac-bf6c0cd7068f","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-aaeec27f-6221-4fad-a20b-816f4e91654a","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-1eb3b3f2-fc5f-43f5-ba59-c488a93659b3","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] PRODUCT COLLECTION

[{"selector":"#anim-f7a7948c-a9cf-4c2e-a1c8-e5b8e366f8cf","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-13b0f34c-a8f6-4117-b175-b06719cd1567","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-86832065-16d4-49b4-9786-04cb09c7f1e6","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-1ad6e649-558d-4d76-b641-21f1499e9645","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] USB-C to RS-232 Cable 15cm (AUM-100-FC-LED)

[{"selector":"#anim-d72ed6d5-0073-4f55-87db-eb9ae191760e","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1200,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-84cf6f80-603a-4b61-84cb-7ee5aab98b24","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1200,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-90618da1-cd50-4d9a-95bf-9aa906210b37","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1300,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-4409be55-8519-460a-8556-7d5bf7c94924","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1300,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-314d62e4-9549-42af-8a5c-9ba8fd7f42ff","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1396,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-48045454-4647-4f43-9e2b-9c97cb672189","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1396,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-574b0154-4b47-456c-900e-879151bd7f1a","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-2c51478b-bf69-4701-84e0-bd6f5dccaae7","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(95.98615%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] 1.USB to RS-232 Adapter, Power free / Bus powered, Plug & Play 2.With FTDI IC & LED indicator 3.Fully compliant with USB Spec 1.1 / 2.0 4.Support Win XP, Win7, Win 8, Win 10, Win-CE, MAC OS-X ,Linux, Android PRODUCT FEATURE

[{"selector":"#anim-7eb791f0-f498-4a2f-ae45-48f725881402","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-02d0c3dd-c4f9-4c60-852b-ffbbff60fa3d","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-05ee5fe3-0099-486b-b887-69cdccd6c966","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-63fe9d65-a450-43e2-aa14-638cdd70c774","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] RS-232 1200m 8-Wire Extender w/TXD-RXD / CTS-RTS Driver (ASM-620)

[{"selector":"#anim-fb75f423-1ba9-480e-a0d1-66adb3e4cf3c","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1200,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-3304deed-b0c0-4f00-9127-e191f6fb0cd3","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1200,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-7bd8dfa2-005f-458b-b2d5-5b9dc62d22ea","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1300,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-decf9227-103d-4c5c-94e1-3e2e28e36c13","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1300,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-5270e415-2a67-4d61-91bc-ed072894a5b6","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1396,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-5cdaedc2-9614-4900-a0c6-b47b11faedf0","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1396,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-2983a12d-b3de-4b9c-807a-35a30d99c409","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-db113a41-1ac1-4f44-bd14-1d39e7b99a8c","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(100.14297%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] 1. To connect PC or PLCC with 1200m (MAX) Device using Twisted Pair Cable Easily. 2. With TXD-RXD LED Display data transfer 3. Power : DC5V Adapter 4. Data rate : 115,200bps(max) 5. RS-232 input for DCE Mode /output for DTE Mode . PRODUCT FEATURE

[{"selector":"#anim-678a5061-f8a9-4505-b5ae-72450b382557","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-a4244f15-3d03-42d4-a1bc-6c2188a5f3af","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-e007c8d1-8641-4a78-b1d4-90258671afc4","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-47214e35-6ab1-4a01-9721-0a331c81064a","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] USB to RS-232 / 422 / 485 Converter (AUM328522)

[{"selector":"#anim-684eb4d2-6f85-4306-8602-686a65b09ce8","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1200,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-e2554ba0-b2da-42c2-8a0c-ecf461be6510","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1200,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-7af0a4ec-6000-4741-8a7d-bc27cd85f393","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1300,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-87b2f0c6-a01e-4c47-b4fc-0e665b6a816a","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1300,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-80e1cfa2-299c-4cdb-9ded-fe29a217df9f","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1396,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-db19b0a6-ce5e-4975-8d3e-00d971e359c4","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1396,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-4087468e-a622-4fb2-a384-6f70c3e0e995","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-8a18080a-033c-4a85-9103-083489696de0","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(116.66665%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] 1. USB to RS-232 / 422 / 485 Converter 2. FTDI Chipset 3. With 422/485 selector switch 4. Support Windows 98se/2000/XP/Vista/ 7 / 8 / 10, MAC OS. 8.6 up , Linux 5. RS-422/485 -- 4 pin Terminal Connector 6. RS-232 DB9/M PRODUCT FEATURE

[{"selector":"#anim-c01f356d-a1dc-4b35-bf47-c3e8e0502490","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-07f0ebe9-061e-4f6d-a393-cf2dc27871cd","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-d9514773-a014-467f-b87c-02b1b7584821","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":1000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-a70fd0bc-ba45-4fd9-917a-69819c2927b9","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] USB To 8 RS-232 (DB-9) 1M Cable (AUM180-F)

[{"selector":"#anim-e58edec1-96e5-4747-9d28-beaed77c4002","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1200,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-6353b1b3-416c-4fc1-a7e9-92f4e64913fc","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1200,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-dbd083fa-82c6-4802-aea4-1e1c1ddb730d","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1300,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-40aa947d-ede9-4fd0-99f6-c77a31024af5","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1300,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-3d9a9dbf-5559-4f0a-bd14-f552ff9c100e","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1396,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-84c7c6f2-7fc3-4ee7-919a-e21f07022d78","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":1396,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-f2e8369e-11f9-4a8b-8316-5fb4842628d7","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-0354f532-7c3d-4131-97de-908e9e27edce","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(117.51090%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] 1. USB To 8 RS-232 (DB-9) 1M Cable 2. With FTDI Chip 3. With Bus powered & 3 LED Indication 4. Win-XP / Win-7 / 8 / 10, MAC OS. 8.6 up, Linux 5. USB1.1 & USB2.0 compatible 6. RS-232 DB9 / M + cable * 8 7. Max speed : 115200 bps * 8 PRODUCT FEATURE

[{"selector":"#anim-9b74ca2b-cf8c-43ec-9c1a-d0b468439466","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-b51f2734-9298-49b5-9666-9e9b798a152d","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-a633aa7c-fc8e-4d78-b42b-b87dbf6d0f1e","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":300,"direction":"normal","duration":500,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-40b292f8-a6dd-4571-be2b-c046e949ae86","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":800,"direction":"normal","duration":95,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-1f5c11cf-675e-45ab-8030-678a79cd05c9","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":800,"direction":"normal","duration":95,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-4d75b4a6-bdef-4f02-9a1b-58ac7bb47b5d","keyframes":[{"transform":"rotate(-73deg) rotateZ(10deg) rotate(73deg)"},{"transform":"rotate(-73deg) rotateZ(0deg) rotate(73deg)"}],"delay":3000,"direction":"normal","duration":2000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-b259384c-c298-41b4-a30d-020f2a9246e1","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,0.75,0.75,0.75,0,0,0,1,1,1,0.25,0.25,0.25,0,0,0,1,1,1,0.25,0.25,0.25,1,1,1,1]},"delay":2000,"direction":"normal","duration":5000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-6e84d00f-471c-451c-ac06-32a23788a757","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1,1,1,0.75,0.75,0.75,0,0,0,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.75,0.75,0.75,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1]},"delay":2000,"direction":"normal","duration":5000,"easing":"linear","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-eb95d2e2-1ae0-4368-bf51-e0db1567774a","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-8048d40c-7c8c-4645-9226-6b694d16b8ca","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(-207.99998%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-8ad9bc0c-3062-4c6c-af9c-bcd8d990e3b9","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-ad252aaa-3b1d-4d16-99f8-908cd6a0c526","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.15)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-95489c13-79e9-4dcb-9ec8-7960e3c8d005","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(-112.13592%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-629314fa-b2ce-4cfd-aaff-7ae4a0cc6fad","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-ad9b27d4-a8b3-4355-a3e1-5eea872bda87","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.15)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"forwards"}] CONTACT US NOW! https://racetop.en.taiwantrade.com/ powered by